VU Assignments GDB's solution dated June 16 to June 22, 2025

BT102 GDB No 2 Solution

Antimicrobial resistance has a complex genetic basis, involving various mechanisms that enable bacteria to evade the effects of antibiotics. The primary genetic strategies behind antimicrobial resistance include:

– Mutations: Bacteria can develop resistance through spontaneous mutations in their DNA, altering the target site of antibiotics and rendering them ineffective. These mutations can occur in genes encoding proteins involved in antibiotic targets, such as ribosomal proteins or enzymes.

– Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT): Bacteria can share genetic material, including antibiotic resistance genes, through HGT mechanisms like transformation, transduction, and conjugation. This allows bacteria to rapidly acquire resistance traits and spread them within bacterial populations.

– Plasmids and Mobile Genetic Elements: Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that can carry multiple resistance genes and transfer between bacteria, facilitating the spread of resistance. These plasmids can also integrate additional genetic material, expanding their repertoire of resistance traits.

– Integrons and Gene Cassettes: Integrons are genetic elements that enable bacteria to capture and express genes, including those conferring antibiotic resistance. They possess an integrase enzyme that facilitates site-specific recombination of gene cassettes, allowing bacteria to rapidly adapt to new environmental pressures.

Key Genetic Mechanisms:

– Enzymatic Inactivation: Bacteria can produce enzymes that inactivate or modify antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.

– Target Modifications: Bacteria can alter the target site of antibiotics, reducing their affinity for the drug.

– Efflux Pumps: Bacteria can develop efflux pumps that extrude antibiotics from the cell, reducing their effectiveness.

– Biofilm Formation: Bacteria can form biofilms, which can limit antibiotic penetration and promote communication between cells.

Consequences and Implications:

– Rapid Spread of Resistance: The genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance enables bacteria to rapidly spread resistance traits within and between species
.
– Multidrug Resistance: Bacteria can develop resistance to multiple antibiotics, making infections increasingly difficult to treat.

– Public Health Threat: Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to public health, with far-reaching consequences for medicine and society

CS304 Assignment Solution
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

// Abstract base class
class Vehicle {
protected:
double baseRate;
double taxRate;

public:
Vehicle(double base, double tax) : baseRate(base), taxRate(tax) {}

virtual double calculateTaxes() = 0;
virtual double calculateTotalCost() = 0;

virtual ~Vehicle() {}
};

// NormalCar derived class
class NormalCar : public Vehicle {
public:
NormalCar(double base) : Vehicle(base, 0.15) {}

double calculateTaxes() override {
return taxRate * baseRate;
}

double calculateTotalCost() override {
return baseRate + calculateTaxes();
}
};

// LuxuryCar derived class
class LuxuryCar : public Vehicle {
private:
double eduty;

public:
LuxuryCar(double base) : Vehicle(base, 0.20), eduty(30000) {}

double calculateTaxes() override {
return (taxRate * baseRate) + eduty;
}

double calculateTotalCost() override {
return baseRate + calculateTaxes();
}
};

int main() {
// Create objects using base class pointers (polymorphism)
Vehicle* standardCar = new NormalCar(500000); // Example baseRate
Vehicle* luxuryCar = new LuxuryCar(2000000); // Example baseRate

// Prevent scientific notation and remove decimal places
cout << fixed << setprecision(0);

cout << “Standard Car Total Cost: ” << standardCar->calculateTotalCost() << endl;
cout << “Luxury Car Total Cost: ” << luxuryCar->calculateTotalCost() << endl;

// Free allocated memory
delete standardCar;
delete luxuryCar;

return 0;
}