VU Assignments GDB's solution dated June 23 to June 28, 2025

*CS401p Assignment Solution no 2 code

org 0x0100

jmp start

message: db ‘VU Mentor’ ; YOUR VUID TO BE PRINTED
length: dw 11 ; length of the message

; subroutine to clear the screen with Green background
clrscr:
push es
push ax
push di
mov ax, 0xb800
mov es, ax ; point es to video base
mov di, 0 ; point di to top left column
nextloc:
mov word [es:di], 0x2720 ; clear next char on screen with green background (27h = green background, 20h = space)
add di, 2 ; move to next screen location
cmp di, 4000 ; has the whole screen cleared
jne nextloc ; if no clear next position
pop di
pop ax
pop es
ret

; subroutine to print a string
; takes x position, y position, string attribute, address of string
; and its length as parameters
printstr:
push bp
mov bp, sp
push es
push ax
push cx
push si
push di

; Calculate screen position: (y * 80 + x) * 2
mov ax, [bp+10] ; get y position
mov cx, 80
mul cx ; ax = y * 80
add ax, [bp+12] ; ax = y * 80 + x
shl ax, 1 ; ax = (y * 80 + x) * 2
mov di, ax ; di points to screen location
mov ax, 0xb800
mov es, ax ; point es to video memory
mov si, [bp+4] ; si points to string
mov cx, [bp+6] ; cx = string length
mov ah, [bp+8] ; ah = attribute byte
print_loop:
mov al, [si] ; get character from string
mov [es:di], ax ; write character and attribute to video memory
add si, 1 ; move to next character
add di, 2 ; move to next screen position
loop print_loop ; repeat for all characters
pop di
pop si
pop cx
pop ax
pop es
pop bp
ret 10

start:
call clrscr ; call the modified clrscr subroutine
mov ax, 60 ; PUT X POSITION VALUE TO PRINT VUID ON TOP RIGHT CORNER
push ax ; push x position
mov ax, 0 ; PUT Y POSITION VALUE TO PRINT VUID ON TOP RIGHT CORNER
push ax ; push y position
mov ax, 0x05 ; LAST NON-ZERO DIGIT OF YOUR VUID AS THE ATTRIBUTE
push ax ; push attribute
mov ax, message
push ax ; push address of message
push word [length] ; push message length
call printstr ; call the printstr subroutine
mov ax, 0x4c00 ; terminate program
int 0x21

CS205: Information Security
Assignment # 02 Spring 2025
Solution:

Task 1:
Rename PC with Student VU ID
Question:
How to rename the PC to a Student VU ID.
Answer:
1. Press Win + I to open Settings.
2. Go to System.
3. Click Rename this PC near the top.
4. Enter your VU ID (e.g., BC123456789) as the new name.
5. Click Next, then click Restart now.

Task 2:
Set Account Lockout Policy
Question: How to set the Account Lockout Policy.
Answer:
1. Press Win + R, type secpol.msc, and press Enter.
o Note: secpol.msc is unavailable on Windows 11 Home edition. You need Windows 11
Pro or Enterprise.
2. Navigate to Account Policies > Account Lockout Policy.
3. Double-click Account lockout threshold.
4. Set the value to 3 and click OK.
5. Windows will propose default values for the other two settings. Click OK to accept.
6. Double-click Account lockout duration and ensure it is set to 15 minutes. Click OK.
7. Take the first screenshot of this window now.

> Vu Bright Sparks
Task 3:
Log Review – Process Control
Question:
How to find a failed logon attempt (Event ID 4625) in the Event Viewer.
Answer:
Part A:
Create the Log Event
You must first create a failed logon event to find it.
1. Lock your PC by pressing Win + L.
2. On the sign-in screen, deliberately enter the wrong password at least once.
3. Sign in successfully with your correct password.

Part B:
Find the Log Event.
1. Press Win + R, type eventvwr.msc, and press Enter to open Event Viewer.
2. Navigate to Windows Logs > Security.
3. In the right-hand Actions pane, click Filter Current Log….
4. In the field labeled <All Event IDs>, type 4625 and click OK.
5. Click on a recent event with ID 4625. In the details pane below, verify the Failure Reason is “Unknown user name or bad password.”
6. Take the second screenshot of this window, ensuring the Event ID and Failure Reason are visible.

CS 401 Assignment no 2:
[org 0x0100]
jmp start
message: db ‘BC123456789’ ; Enter Your VUID here
length: dw 11
clrscr: push es
push ax
push di
mov ax, 0xb800
mov es, ax
mov di, 0
nextloc:
mov word [es:di], 0x1020 ;BLUE Background
add di, 2
cmp di, 4000
jne nextloc
pop di
pop ax
pop es
ret

printstr:
push bp
mov bp, sp
push es
push ax
push cx
push si
push di
;;; WRITE YOUR CODE HERE ;;;

mov ax,80
mul byte[bp+12]
add ax,[bp+10]
shl ax,1
mov di,ax

mov ax,0xb800
mov es, ax

mov si,[bp+6]
mov cx,[bp+4]
mov ah,[bp+8]

nextchar:
mov al,byte[si]
mov [es:di],ax
add di,2
add si,1
loop nextchar

pop di
pop si
pop cx
pop ax
pop es
pop bp
ret 10
;;; END of printstr CODE ;;;

start:
call clrscr
mov ax, 24
push ax
mov ax, 69
push ax
mov ax, 1 ; LAST NON-ZERO DIGIT OF YOUR VUID AS THE ATTRIBUTE
push ax
mov ax, message
push ax
push word[length]
call printstr
mov ax, 0x4c00
int 0x21

*MCM301 GDB Solution 2

1. *Practice through Group Discussions*

Participating in group discussions with peers can help students improve their verbal communication skills, learn to articulate their thoughts, and respond to others effectively. This method is cost-free and can be done in a classroom or informal setting.

2.*Seek Feedback from Teachers and Peers*

Receiving constructive feedback from teachers and peers can help students identify areas for improvement in their communication skills. This feedback can be used to refine their communication style, tone, and language.

3. *Engage in Public Speaking*
Participating in public speaking opportunities, such as presenting in class or at school events, can help students develop confidence and improve their verbal communication skills. This method can be done with minimal resources and can be an effective way to enhance communication skills.

> HK

By adopting these methods, students can improve their communication skills without relying on extensive financial or technical resources.

*ENG503 Assignment*

`Solution:`
*Definition of Semantics:*
Semantics is the study of meaning in language, focusing on how words, phrases, and sentences
convey ideas and how their meanings can change depending on context, culture, or intention. It
examines the relationship between linguistic forms (words/symbols) and their interpretations.

*Explanation of the Statement:*
The statement “Words don’t always mean what they seem to mean” highlights that literal meanings (denotation) often differ from intended or contextual meanings (connotation).
Semantics explores this gap through:
*1. Ambiguity:* Words/phrases with multiple interpretations.
*2. Figurative Language:* Non-literal usage (e.g., irony, metaphors).
*3. Pragmatics:* How context shapes meaning beyond dictionary definitions.

*_Examples:_*
*1. Lexical Ambiguity: “Bank”*
* Literal: A financial institution (“I deposited money at the bank”).
* Alternative: The side of a river (“We picnicked by the bank”).
* *Why?* The same word has unrelated meanings, requiring context for clarity.

*2. Irony: “What a lovely day!”*
* Literal: A beautiful, sunny day.
* Ironic: Said during a thunderstorm to imply the opposite.
* *Why?* Tone and context override the literal meaning, conveying sarcasm.

*3. Metaphor: “Time is a thief.”*
* Literal: Time cannot physically steal.
* Figurative: Time “steals” moments by passing unnoticed.
* *Why?* Metaphors assign new, symbolic meanings to words.

*Conclusion:*
Semantics reveals that meaning is fluid, shaped by usage, context, and speaker intent. Words are not static; their interpretations depend on deeper linguistic and social cues.

Eco610
Gdb solution

1. Expanding the Tax Net and Enforcing Compliance
Pakistan’s persistent revenue shortfall continues to be a major contributor to its fiscal deficit. Tax-to-GDP levels will be well below those of regional peers by the middle of 2025. The 2025 federal budget targets an ambitious Rs 12.9 trillion in FBR tax collection, a 38% jump from the previous year, largely through expanding taxation to the real estate, retail, and agriculture sectors, previously under-taxed or exempt.
The government has also proposed linking tax compliance to utility and business services, and restricting non-filers from making property purchases or receiving subsidies. If effectively implemented, these steps could yield an additional Rs 800–1000 billion, without needing new taxes—significantly narrowing the deficit.
Take, for instance, the fact that, following similar reforms like the introduction of the GST and digital tracing, India’s tax-to-GDP ratio surpassed 11%, indicating that Pakistan could benefit. 2. Resolving Power Sector Circular Debt through Targeted Financing and Tariff Reform
The circular debt, exceeding Rs 2.6 trillion in 2025, consumes a large share of subsidies and adds pressure on the fiscal side. The government’s recent move—securing a Rs 1.275 trillion Islamic financing deal at concessional rates—offers immediate relief by clearing legacy debt without increasing external liabilities.
Alongside, tariff rationalization and anti-theft digital metering (as outlined in the budget) can reduce annual fiscal losses by Rs 300–400 billion, helping cut reliance on borrowing.

Vu bright sparks 💥✨💫

*ENG515 Assignment*

`Solution:`
*1. A Formal Letter:*
A formal letter is written in a structured and professional manner to communicate with individuals or organizations for official purposes.
*Purpose:* To request information, make complaints, apply for jobs, or address formal matters.
Example: A job application or a letter to a school principal.

*2. Expository Writing:*
This type of writing explains or informs the reader about a specific topic using facts and logic.
*Purpose:* To present information clearly without personal opinions.
Example: A newspaper article explaining climate change.

*3. Narrative Writing:*
Narrative writing tells a story with characters, a setting, and a plot.
*Purpose:* To entertain or share a personal or fictional experience.
Example: A short story or a personal diary entry.

*4. Creative Writing:*
Creative writing includes imaginative and original compositions like poems stories, or scripts.
*Purpose:* To express thoughts, emotions, or artistic ideas in an engaging way.
Example: Writing a poem about nature or a fantasy story.

*5. Academic Writing:*
Academic writing is formal and evidence-based, used in schools, colleges, and research institutions.
*Purpose:* To present arguments, analyze topics, or share research findings.
Example: Essays, research papers, and theses.
> Vu Bright Sparks 💥

*CS205: Information Security*
*Assignment # 02 Spring 2025*
*Solution:*

*Task 1:*
Rename PC with Student VU ID
*Question:*
How to rename the PC to a Student VU ID.
*Answer:*
1. Press Win + I to open Settings.
2. Go to System.
3. Click Rename this PC near the top.
4. Enter your VU ID (e.g., BC123456789) as the new name.
5. Click Next, then click Restart now.

*Task 2:*
Set Account Lockout Policy
Question: How to set the Account Lockout Policy.
*Answer:*
1. Press Win + R, type secpol.msc, and press Enter.
o Note: secpol.msc is unavailable on Windows 11 Home edition. You need Windows 11
Pro or Enterprise.
2. Navigate to Account Policies > Account Lockout Policy.
3. Double-click Account lockout threshold.
4. Set the value to 3 and click OK.
5. Windows will propose default values for the other two settings. Click OK to accept.
6. Double-click Account lockout duration and ensure it is set to 15 minutes. Click OK.
7. Take the first screenshot of this window now.

> Vu Bright Sparks
*Task 3:*
Log Review – Process Control
*Question:*
How to find a failed logon attempt (Event ID 4625) in the Event Viewer.
*Answer:*
*Part A:*
Create the Log Event
You must first create a failed logon event to find it.
1. Lock your PC by pressing Win + L.
2. On the sign-in screen, deliberately enter the wrong password at least once.
3. Sign in successfully with your correct password.

*Part B:*
Find the Log Event.
1. Press Win + R, type eventvwr.msc, and press Enter to open Event Viewer.
2. Navigate to Windows Logs > Security.
3. In the right-hand Actions pane, click Filter Current Log….
4. In the field labeled <All Event IDs>, type 4625 and click OK.
5. Click on a recent event with ID 4625. In the details pane below, verify the Failure Reason is “Unknown user name or bad password.”
6. Take the second screenshot of this window, ensuring the Event ID and Failure Reason are visible.

> Vu Bright Sparks 💥

*ENG506 Assignment no 2

Here are five arguments to justify the acceptance of Subcontinental English as a legitimate variety of World Englishes:

Argument 1: Linguistic Diversity and Adaptation
1. *Language contact*: English in the subcontinent has been shaped by language contact with local languages, resulting in unique linguistic features and vocabulary.
2. *Adaptation to local context*: Subcontinental English has adapted to the local cultural, social, and economic context, making it a distinct variety.

Argument 2: Widespread Use and Acceptance
1. *Official language status*: English is an official language in many subcontinental countries, including India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
2. *Wide usage*: English is widely used in education, business, government, and media in the subcontinent.

Argument 3: Cultural Identity and Expression
1. *Cultural expression*: Subcontinental English reflects the cultural identity and experiences of the region, with unique idioms, metaphors, and expressions.
2. *Literary and artistic expression*: Subcontinental English has been used in literature, poetry, and other forms of artistic expression, showcasing its creative potential.

Argument 4: Legitimacy in World Englishes Paradigm
1. *World Englishes paradigm*: The World Englishes paradigm recognizes the legitimacy of diverse English varieties, including those shaped by local languages and cultures.
2. *Recognition of local norms*: Subcontinental English has its own norms, standards, and usage patterns, which should be recognized and respected.

Argument 5: Practical Considerations and Global Communication
1. *Effective communication*: Subcontinental English facilitates effective communication among people from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds in the region.
2. *Global connectivity*: As a legitimate variety of World Englishes, Subcontinental English can enhance global communication and connectivity, particularly in international business, education, and diplomacy.

By recognizing Subcontinental English as a legitimate variety of World Englishes, we can promote linguistic diversity, cultural expression, and effective communication in the region and beyond.

*ENG501 Assignment*

`Solution:`
Note on Johnson’s Dictionary
Introduction
Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary, published in 1755, was a groundbreaking work that standardized the English language and paved the way for future dictionaries.

Strengths
1. *Comprehensive*: Johnson’s Dictionary was the most comprehensive dictionary of its time, covering a wide range of words and phrases.
2. *Definitions and Examples*: Johnson provided detailed definitions and examples, illustrating word usage and context.
3. *Literary References*: The dictionary included literary references, showcasing Johnson’s vast knowledge and literary background.
4. *Influence on Language*: Johnson’s Dictionary helped standardize English spelling, vocabulary, and grammar.

Weaknesses/Defects
1. *Subjective Definitions*: Johnson’s definitions sometimes reflected his personal biases and opinions.
2. *Limited Coverage*: The dictionary did not cover technical or scientific vocabulary extensively.
3. *Inconsistent Etymologies*: Johnson’s etymologies were sometimes inaccurate or inconsistent.
4. *Prescriptive Approach*: Johnson’s Dictionary was prescriptive, aiming to fix the language, rather than descriptive, reflecting actual usage.

Legacy
Despite its limitations, Johnson’s Dictionary remains a significant milestone in the development of English language lexicography, influencing future dictionaries and linguistic studies.

*Eng504 Assignment*

The Facilitative Role of the First Language (L1) in Second Language (L2) Learning

The process of acquiring a second language (L2) is complex and influenced by various factors, among which the learner’s first language (L1) holds significant importance. Far from being a hindrance, the L1 can serve as a valuable resource that facilitates and accelerates L2 learning in multiple ways.

1️⃣ Transfer of Knowledge and Skills

One of the key ways L1 supports L2 learning is through positive transfer. Learners often apply grammatical rules, vocabulary, and sentence structures from their native language to the new language when the two share similarities. For example, cognates (words that have similar forms and meanings) between English and French (e.g., information, nation) make it easier for French speakers to expand their English vocabulary.

2️⃣ Development of Metalinguistic Awareness

Using L1 enables learners to develop metalinguistic awareness — the ability to think about language as a system. When learners compare L1 and L2, they become more conscious of how languages work, which helps them understand complex L2 grammar rules, sentence patterns, and pronunciation differences more effectively.

3️⃣ Cognitive Support and Comprehension

The first language provides cognitive scaffolding. Learners can mentally translate new L2 words or phrases into L1 to grasp meanings quickly. Additionally, explaining new concepts to themselves in L1 aids memory retention and deeper understanding. This is particularly useful for beginners who lack sufficient L2 vocabulary to process ideas directly.

4️⃣ Reducing Anxiety and Building Confidence

Allowing learners to rely on L1 initially reduces anxiety and increases confidence. They feel more secure when they can switch back to L1 to clarify doubts, ask questions, or check understanding. This emotional comfort encourages risk-taking and active participation in L2 tasks.

5️⃣ Facilitating Classroom Instruction

Teachers often use L1 strategically in multilingual classrooms to give complex instructions, explain abstract concepts, or manage classroom behavior efficiently. This saves time, ensures clarity, and keeps learners engaged, especially at lower proficiency levels.

6️⃣ Cultural Bridge

The first language is deeply tied to the learner’s cultural background. It helps learners connect cultural concepts in L2 with familiar ideas from L1. This cultural bridge makes the second language more meaningful and relatable.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the first language plays a crucial facilitative role in the acquisition of a second language. It acts as a bridge that connects prior linguistic knowledge with new input, provides cognitive and emotional support, and enriches the overall learning experience. Rather than discouraging its use, modern language teaching encourages the judicious and purposeful use of L1 to enhance L2 competence and confidence.

*PSY611 GDB no 2 Solution

In psychology, confidentiality is a fundamental ethical principle that ensures clients feel safe sharing personal information with therapists. However, there are exceptions to this rule, particularly when there is a risk of harm to the client or others.

Ethical Rules in Psychology:

1. *Informed Consent*: Clients have the right to know the limits of confidentiality and the circumstances under which a therapist may breach confidentiality.

2. *Duty to Warn or Protect*: Therapists have a duty to warn or protect third parties if a client poses a credible threat to them.

3. *Duty to Report*: Therapists are mandated reporters and must report situations involving child abuse, neglect, or exploitation.

Breaking Confidentiality
If a therapist discovers a serious issue during a session, such as suicidal intentions, substance abuse, or child abuse, they may need to break confidentiality to ensure the client’s safety or the safety of others.

Justification
Breaking confidentiality in such cases can be justified as it prioritizes the well-being and safety of the client or others. However, therapists should:

> HK

1. *Follow established protocols*: Therapists should follow established protocols for reporting and breaching confidentiality.

2. *Minimize disclosure*: Therapists should only disclose necessary information to authorized parties.

3. *Document actions*: Therapists should document their actions and decisions regarding confidentiality.

ENG 301
*Why is storytelling considered a powerful and effective persuasive tool in marketing and leadership contexts?**

Storytelling is a compelling persuasive tool because it connects with people on an emotional level. In marketing, storytelling transforms a brand from a product into a meaningful experience. Instead of just promoting features, a story can illustrate how a product fits into someone’s life, builds trust, and makes a lasting impression. A well-told story not only informs but also inspires, helping the audience remember the message.

In leadership, storytelling plays a vital role in motivating teams, conveying vision, and fostering unity. Leaders who share authentic stories—whether personal, organizational, or customer-related—create a sense of purpose and alignment. These stories can simplify complex ideas, reinforce values, and build credibility.

Moreover, stories are more memorable than facts alone. Research shows that messages delivered through stories are more likely to be retained and recalled. Whether in a business pitch, campaign, or team meeting, storytelling engages attention, stimulates imagination, and moves people to act.

In short, storytelling bridges the gap between logic and emotion, making communication not only more effective but also more human. This is what makes it so powerful in both marketing and leadership

*PHY101 GDB solution no 2

*Yes*, it is true that placing a strong magnet near a smartphone or credit card can cause malfunction or data loss.

Relevant Physics Principles
1. *Magnetic Fields*: Strong magnets produce magnetic fields that can interact with magnetic materials or devices.
2. *Data Storage*: Some data storage devices, such as magnetic strips on credit cards, use magnetic fields to store information.
3. *Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)*: Strong magnetic fields can cause EMI, which can disrupt the functioning of electronic devices.

Effects on Devices
1. *Credit Cards*: Strong magnets can demagnetize or alter the magnetic strip on credit cards, leading to data loss or card malfunction.
2. *Smartphones*: While smartphones themselves don’t rely on magnetism for data storage, strong magnetic fields can potentially affect certain components, such as compasses or magnetic sensors.

Psy 406
Gdb solution
As a future educator, I recognize that students encounter a wide range of academic challenges that require different cognitive approaches. In particular, I would teach analogical thinking as a core problem-solving strategy, especially in situations that demand creative thinking or when students must transfer knowledge across contexts.
Analogical thinking involves identifying similarities between a new problem and one previously encountered. This strategy is powerful because it encourages students to draw on their prior knowledge, make meaningful connections, and deepen their conceptual understanding. For example, when teaching a science concept like electric circuits, I might relate it to water flowing through pipes—an analogy that helps students grasp abstract ideas using familiar concepts.
Problems that are open-ended or poorly structured and do not have a clear path to a solution are ideal for analog thinking. These issues frequently arise in subjects where students benefit from looking at patterns, relationships, and underlying principles rather than just procedures, such as literature, science inquiry, or real-world math applications. However, I am also aware that not all issues can be resolved in this manner. For tasks requiring step-by-step procedures—such as solving a math equation or conducting a lab experiment—I would complement analogical thinking with algorithmic strategies, which provide a systematic, logical progression toward a solution.
In the end, I help students become flexible and adaptable thinkers by encouraging analogical thinking. These skills are crucial for academic success as well as lifelong learning. In my classroom, I aim to create an environment where making connections is as valued as getting the “right” answer.

*CS607p Assignment*

Sr No Rule Type (Fuzzy/Variable/Uncertain)
1. IF X is a battery AND X’s brand is Exide THEN X is a reliable brand. Variable

2. IF you reach the NADRA office at 8 AM THEN there is 90% chance that the office will open. Uncertain

3. IF Ayan studies regularly and attend every class THEN he may obtain good marks. Uncertain

4. IF the office temperature is warm THEN set the AC speed on 16. Fuzzy

5. IF Adnan’s weight is heavy THEN his diet plan may be low in calories. Fuzzy

Eng201
Gdb solution

AI can partially replace human communication in business settings, particularly in tasks that are structured, repetitive, or data-driven. For example, AI can efficiently draft emails, schedule meetings, transcribe conversations, and generate summaries—improving productivity and consistency in routine communications.
However, negotiations and strategic meetings, which require emotional intelligence, contextual understanding, and relationship building, reduce AI’s effectiveness. Unlike humans, AI lacks the ability to read body language, tone, or subtle cues—skills essential for persuasion, conflict resolution, and trust development. In negotiations, where nuance and empathy often influence outcomes, AI cannot replicate the human touch that builds rapport and credibility.
Additionally, AI lacks the cultural sensitivity and ethical judgment that are essential for making complex business decisions. While AI can quickly analyze data, it cannot substitute for leaders’ values-based reasoning when confronted with moral quandaries or navigating cultural differences. In conclusion, AI can enhance but not replace human communication in business. It is a powerful tool for improving efficiency in well-defined tasks, but the depth and adaptability of human interaction remain irreplaceable in high-stakes or emotionally complex situations. A balanced approach—leveraging AI for support while retaining human oversight—is essential for effective communication in the modern workplace.

Cs610
Gdb solution
Decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) networks offer significant benefits that challenge traditional client-server architectures. In terms of resilience, P2P systems avoid single points of failure; if one node goes down, others can continue functioning. Users retain control over their data without relying on centralized entities, enhancing privacy. P2P networks also offer theoretical scalability, as more nodes mean more resources. Additionally, cost distribution across peers reduces infrastructure expenses.
However, crucial for widespread adoption, the client-server model excels. Security is more enforceable in centralized systems with managed access controls and monitoring. Performance control is tighter, with optimized servers ensuring consistent quality of service. Maintenance is centralized, simplifying updates and bug fixes. Furthermore, central management ensures clear governance, crucial for compliance, reliability, and user support.
While P2P systems have advanced, their challenges—such as inconsistent performance, complex consensus mechanisms, and vulnerability to malicious nodes—limit broad applicability. In financial services and content delivery, speed and trust are essential, making client-server models more viable.
Decentralized architectures are likely to remain complementary rather than dominant over the next ten years. They’ll thrive in niche domains like cryptocurrency, secure messaging, or censorship-resistant publishing. However, mainstream applications will continue relying on client-server models for their robustness and control, possibly integrating decentralized elements where suitable. A hybrid approach seems the most realistic future.

Eng301
Gdb solution

Storytelling is a powerful persuasive tool in marketing and leadership because it engages both the emotional and cognitive sides of human decision-making. Unlike plain data or directives, stories create narratives that people can relate to, making messages more memorable and meaningful.
In marketing, storytelling humanizes a brand. A product can become an experience through the alignment of its story with the customer’s values, desires, or challenges. This emotional connection builds trust, increases brand loyalty, and influences purchasing behavior more effectively than facts alone.
In leadership, storytelling fosters inspiration, clarity, and shared purpose. Stories are a great way for leaders to convey change or vision to others and make them feel personally invested. In times of uncertainty, a well-told story can inspire action and strengthen team culture. Stories have a greater psychological impact because they stimulate multiple brain regions, including those involved in language, emotion, and memory. According to cognitive psychology, humans are wired to process and recall information in narrative form.
The ability of storytelling to simplify complexity, present real-life experiences, and foster empathy is what makes it so effective. Rather than telling people what to think, it allows them to draw their own conclusions—a subtle but more enduring form of persuasion.
In both marketing and leadership, storytelling transforms abstract ideas into relatable human experiences, making it a uniquely effective communication strategy.
Vu bright sparks 💥✨💫

Eng301
Gdb solution

*CS607p Assignment*

Sr No Rule Type (Fuzzy/Variable/Uncertain)
1. IF X is a battery AND X’s brand is Exide THEN X is a reliable brand. Variable

2. IF you reach the NADRA office at 8 AM THEN there is 90% chance that the office will open. Uncertain

3. IF Ayan studies regularly and attend every class THEN he may obtain good marks. Uncertain

4. IF the office temperature is warm THEN set the AC speed on 16. Fuzzy

5. IF Adnan’s weight is heavy THEN his diet plan may be low in calories. Fuzzy

*ECO 606 GDB*

`Solution:`
To calculate the cost elasticity of output (εCQ), we can use the following formula:

εCQ = (dC/dQ) / (C/Q)

Given:

Average Cost (C/Q) = 72.5
Marginal Cost (dC/dQ) = 8

However, to calculate εCQ, we need the total cost (C). We can find C by multiplying the average cost by the quantity (Q):

C = (C/Q) * Q
= 72.5 * 1000
= 72500

Now, let’s calculate εCQ:

εCQ = (dC/dQ) / (C/Q)
= 8 / 72.5
= 0.11

Interpretation
Since εCQ is less than 1 (0.11), the company is experiencing *economies of scale*. This means that as the company increases its output, its average cost decreases.

Economic Discussion
Economies of scale occur when a company’s output increases at a faster rate than its costs. This can be due to various factors, such as:

1. *Bulk purchasing*: Buying raw materials in bulk can reduce costs.
2. *Specialization*: Increased output can lead to specialization and more efficient production processes.
3. *Improved technology*: Larger production volumes can justify investments in more efficient technology.

In this case, BATA Pakistan’s cost elasticity of output suggests that the company is benefiting from economies of scale, which can lead to increased profitability and competitiveness in the market.

*MCM101 GDB Solution 2*

`Solution:`

In the context of the Pakistani film industry, the need for a *balanced content regulation system* is essential, but enforcing *overly strict censorship* may do more harm than good. While it is important to respect cultural and religious values, excessive regulation can *limit creative freedom*, hinder artistic expression, and block realistic storytelling.

A completely strict censorship system can discourage filmmakers from addressing *social issues* such as gender inequality, mental health, corruption, or domestic violence—topics that are important for public awareness and reform. If everything controversial is censored, the media becomes disconnected from reality and fails to reflect the true experiences of society.

On the other hand, *some level of regulation is necessary* to protect viewers, especially children, from content that is excessively vulgar, violent, or morally inappropriate. The goal should be to *guide content*, not to suppress it. Introducing *age-based ratings*, content warnings, and open review systems could be more effective than blanket bans.

In conclusion, instead of imposing strict censorship, Pakistan needs a *smart, flexible regulation system* that both protects social values and supports freedom of expression. A healthy media industry must be allowed to grow through meaningful stories that both reflect and shape society.

*ENG508 assignment solution*

`Solution:`
*Deixis and Its Five Main Types*
Deixis refers to the phenomenon in linguistics where the meaning of certain words or
expressions relies on the context of the utterance. These words, called deictic expressions, derive their meaning from the speaker, the time, the place, or the social context. Deixis is crucial in communication because it connects language to the real-world situation.

*_Five Main Types of Deixis_*

*1. Person Deixis*
Person deixis refers to words that point to the participants in a conversation, such as the speaker,
the listener, or others.

* _Examples:_
● “I will call you tomorrow.” (I refers to the speaker, you to the listener.)
● “He is not here.” (He refers to a third person not present.)

* _Dependence on context:_ The meaning of I, you, or he changes depending on who is speaking and who is being referred to.

*2. Place Deixis (Spatial Deixis)*
Place deixis involves words that indicate location relative to the speaker.

* _Examples:_
● “This book is mine.” (The book is near the speaker.)
● “Put it there.” (There* refers to a location away from the speaker.)

* _Dependence on context:_ Words like here, there, this, and that change meaning based on the speaker’s position.

*3. Time Deixis (Temporal Deixis)*
Time deixis refers to expressions that depend on the time of utterance.

* _Examples:_
● “Now is the right time.” (Now refers to the present moment.)
● “She left yesterday.” (Yesterday* is relative to the day of speaking.)

* _Dependence on context:_ Words like today, tomorrow, and next week shift meaning depending on when they are spoken.

*4. Discourse Deixis*
Discourse deixis points to parts of the ongoing conversation or text.

* _Examples:_
● “As I said earlier…” (Earlier* refers to a previous part of the conversation.)
● “This is a difficult problem.” (This refers to something just mentioned.)

* _Dependence on context:_ The meaning depends on the flow of discourse and what has been said before.

*5. Social Deixis*
Social deixis encodes social relationships, such as status, politeness, or formality.

* _Examples:_
● Using “Sir” or “Madam” to show respect.
● In Japanese, “san” (Mr./Ms.) vs. “kun” (for younger males) indicates social
hierarchy.

* _Dependence on context:_ The choice of words depends on the speaker’s relationship with the listener.

*Conclusion*
Deictic expressions are essential for effective communication but require shared context between
speaker and listener. Without context, phrases like “I’ll meet you here tomorrow” would be
meaningless. Thus, deixis bridges language and the real-world situation, making it a fundamental aspect of pragmatics.

*PHY301 – Circuit Theory*
*Assignment # 02*
*Spring 2025 Solution*

*Question No 1*
> vu Bright Sparks

*Find Vx by source Transformation method. Draw and label the circuit diagram of each step.*
*Write each step of calculation to get maximum marks, also mention the unit of each derived value.*

[Marks:8]
*Answer:*

*Original Circuit:*
*Step 1:*
Transform the 12V source.
Convert the 12V source and series 6Ω resistor into a parallel current source.
Current (I1): 12V / 6Ω = 2A (upwards)
Circuit after Step 1:
*Step 2:*
Transform the 5V source.
Convert the 5V source and series 5Ω resistor into a parallel current source.
Current (I2): 5V / 5Ω = 1A (downwards)
Circuit after Step 2:
*Step 3:*
Combine parallel sources and resistors.
Total Current (I_total): Sum the parallel current sources.
I_total = 2A + 3A – 1A = 4A (upwards)
Equivalent Resistance (R_eq): Combine the parallel resistors (6Ω, 3Ω, 5Ω).
1/R_eq = 1/6 + 1/3 + 1/5 = 21/30
R_eq = 30 / 21 Ω ≈ 1.429 Ω
*Simplified Circuit after Step 3:*
*Step 4:*
Calculate Vx.
Use the current divider rule to find the current through the 10Ω resistor (I_10Ω), then use Ohm’s law for
Vx.
Current (I_10Ω): 4A × [1.429Ω / (1.429Ω + 10Ω)] = 0.5 A
Voltage (Vx): 0.5A × 10Ω = 5 V
Final Answer:
Vx = 5 Volts
*Question No 2*

> Vu Bright Sparks
*Calculate the voltage Vo by using Norton’s theorem. Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of each step and also mention the unit of each derived value.*
*[Marks=8]*

*Answer:*

*Original Circuit:*
*Step 1:*
Find Norton Resistance (RN).
Remove the 5kΩ load. Deactivate sources: open the 2mA source, short the 6V source.
Circuit for finding RN:
RN = 4kΩ || (3kΩ + 4kΩ) = 4kΩ || 7kΩ
RN = (4 × 7) / (4 + 7) kΩ = 28/11 kΩ ≈ 2.545 kΩ
*Step 2:*
Find Norton Current (IN).
Short the output terminals. Find the short-circuit current (Isc) using superposition.
Circuit for finding IN (Isc):
Due to 2mA source (6V source shorted):
Isc’ = 2mA × [4kΩ / (4kΩ + 3kΩ)] = 8/7 mA (downwards)
Due to 6V source (2mA source opened):
Isc” = 6V / 3kΩ = 2 mA (downwards)
Total Norton Current (IN):
IN = Isc’ + Isc” = (8/7)mA + 2mA = 22/7 mA ≈ 3.143 mA
*Step 3:*
Find Vo using Norton Equivalent Circuit.
Draw IN in parallel with RN and the 5kΩ load. Vo is the voltage across the parallel combination.
Norton Equivalent Circuit:
Vo = IN × (RN || 5kΩ)
Vo = (22/7 mA) × [ (2.545 kΩ × 5 kΩ) / (2.545 kΩ + 5 kΩ) ]
Vo = (22/7 × 10⁻³) A × (1.686 × 10³) Ω
Vo ≈ 5.30 V
Final Answer:
Vo = 5.30 Volts
*Question No 3:*
> Vu Bright Sparks

*Identify the active and passive devices that are made using semiconductor materials.*
*[Marks4]*

*Answer:*
1. *Active Semiconductor Devices: (Control or amplify signals)*
• Transistors (BJT, MOSFET)
• Diodes (LED, Zener, Rectifier)
• Integrated Circuits (ICs)
• Thyristors (SCR, TRIAC)
2. *Passive Semiconductor Devices: (Specialized devices that don’t amplify)*
• Varactor (Voltage-controlled capacitor)
• Thermistor (Temperature-sensitive resistor)
• Varistor (Voltage-dependent resistor)

*ENG301 GDB ANSWER BY VU SPARKY SPRING 2025*
Storytelling is considered a powerful and effective persuasive tool in both marketing and leadership because it connects with people on an emotional level, making messages more memorable and impactful. Unlike facts and figures alone, stories engage the audience by creating a sense of relatability, trust, and authenticity.

In marketing, storytelling helps brands stand out by humanizing their message. When a product or service is presented through a relatable story—such as a customer’s journey or a brand’s origin—it becomes more than just a commodity. It builds emotional connections, which are crucial for customer loyalty and long-term engagement. People are more likely to buy into a brand when they feel a personal connection to its story.

Similarly, in leadership, storytelling is a key tool for inspiring teams, communicating vision, and influencing change. A leader who shares personal experiences or success stories can motivate others, clarify complex ideas, and foster a sense of shared purpose. Stories help leaders build credibility and trust, as they show vulnerability and real-world relevance.

Moreover, storytelling simplifies complex information, making it easier to understand and remember. It appeals to both logic and emotion—creating a balanced, persuasive message.

In conclusion, storytelling is not just about entertainment; it’s a strategic tool that drives engagement, influences decisions, and builds strong relationships in both marketing and leadership.

*ECO403 GDB*

`Solution:`
*Analyzing Pakistan’s Economic Growth through the Solow Growth Model*
The Solow Growth Model explains long-term economic growth through three main components: capital accumulation, labor force (population) growth, and technological progress. The model uses a production function per effective worker, expressed as:
y = f(k)
Where y is output per effective worker and k is capital per effective worker.

*Pakistan at Steady-State*
Assuming Pakistan is at a steady-state—meaning capital per worker and output per worker are stable over time, and the economy grows at a rate equal to population growth plus technological progress—an increase in the saving rate will impact the economy as follows:

*Short-Term Effects of a Higher Saving Rate*

* An increase in the national saving rate allows for greater capital accumulation.

* This leads to a rise in capital per worker (k), which in turn raises output per worker (y).

* The economy begins to transition to a new, higher steady-state level of income per worker.

* During this transition phase, economic growth temporarily increases due to capital deepening.

*Long-Term (Steady-State) Effects*
Once the new steady state is reached, the growth rate of output per worker returns to its original rate, determined by technological progress and population growth, not by the saving rate.

Therefore, a higher saving rate results in a higher level of income, but not a permanently higher growth rate.

*Conclusion*
Increasing the saving rate in Pakistan improves the level of output and income per worker but does not lead to sustained long-term growth. According to the Solow model, only technological progress can ensure continuous economic growth over time.

*Policy Implications for Pakistan*
To achieve sustainable long-run growth, Pakistan must:

Invest in technological innovation

Strengthen education and human capital

Promote research and development

Improve institutional efficiency to support innovation and productivity

While saving and investment are essential for raising income levels, technology and innovation are the real drivers of long-term growth in the Solow framework.

*ENG201 GDB*

Artificial intelligence (AI) gains more and more significance as far as business communication is concerned, yet it is not able to substitute a human interaction in such spheres as meetings, e-mails, or negotiations altogether. AI can be very useful in automating most repetitive interactions, including booking meetings, reminders or standard automatic replies to emails. This can enhance significantly its efficiency and save on the workload of employees.

Although these are some of the strengths of AI, it fails to excel in dealing with the nuances of human interactions. In business meetings and negotiations, there are emotions, cultural situations, and unspoken messages that must be understood. Human communicators have the capacity to tell what is not expressed, adapt to a situation and create a relationship which is not present in AI. Trust, empathy and being persuasive are important factors towards successful business interactions, and cannot be replicated by computers or other robots.

Nevertheless, the AI content of communication could sound unnatural and lacking the touch of the personal in the case of sensitive matters. Consider the situation of negotiations where it is important to be able to react on dynamic changes and AI is not something capable of doing so at the current stage.

To sum up, in spite of being a good assistant and taking care of routine and time-consuming communication activities, AI will not likely substitute a human person in the most important business communications. The most likely course of action going forward is a mixed strategy, in which AI is being used as a helper and human judgment and emotional intelligence are used in decision-making processes that involve judgment.

*CS610 GDB*

Decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) has received several properties because of its resiliency, privacy, scalability, and cost-effectiveness strengths. The systems split their data and processes across a number of nodes, thus they are less susceptible to single failure points or selective attacks. Data ownership is more hand-in-hand with users and so is privacy. P2P networks may scale organically, without need of cost-prohibitive central infrastructure, yet they make the operation cheaper.

Conversely, client-server architectures still have great benefits that include security, performance optimization, maintenance and centralized control. A client-server model makes it easier to put security into practice and supervise it with a centralized authority to deal with data security. Special hardware and maintained networks allow one to tune performance. Also, update, backup as well as troubleshooting is easier in centrally handled systems.

In view of such, we may not see decentralized P2P networks completely displacing client-server models in common uses in the next decade. There are a few fields P2P systems will probably prosper, where the concept of decentralization is evidently beneficial, like cryptocurrency, distributed storage, or censorship resistant communications. Nevertheless, client-server models will still prevail in areas that involve high level of security, regulations, and stable management. The future is moving to the coexistence, where the hybrid architectures use the best of two worlds to satisfy diverse application requirements.

*CS001 Assignment Solution by Vu Bright Sparks 💥*

*Question No 1*
| # | *Action* | *Shortcut Key* |
|—-|——————|————–|
| 1 | New Workbook | Ctrl + N |
| 2 | Open Workbook | Ctrl + O |
| 3 | Save Workbook | Ctrl + S |
| 4 | Print | Ctrl + P |
| 5 | Undo | Ctrl + Z |
| 6 | Redo | Ctrl + Y |
| 7 | Copy | Ctrl + C |
| 8 | Paste | Ctrl + V |
| 9 | Cut | Ctrl + X |
| 10 | Select All | Ctrl + A |

——————————

*Question No 2*

*Steps to Create It in Word:*

1. *Open Microsoft Word* and start a new blank document.
2. *Title and Header:*
– At the top, write your assignment title in bold:
*Assignment Title: Student Marks Analysis*
– Add:
– *Subject:* Computer Applications
– *Submitted By:* [Your Name]
– *Date:* [Insert Date]
– You can center or left-align the header based on preference.

3. *Use Headings and Bullets:*
– Format each section (Total Marks, Average, Grades, etc.) using bold and underline.
– Use bullet points or numbering to structure content clearly.

4. *Insert Table for Grade Criteria:*
– Use *Insert > Table* to create a 2-column, 5-row table for the grading scale.

5. *Add Excel Formulas as Plain Text:*
– Paste formulas like `=SUM(C2:E2)` directly into the document.
– Use a monospaced font (like Consolas) for formulas to enhance readability.

6. *Add Visuals (Optional):*
– If you created a bar chart in Excel, take a screenshot and insert it using *Insert > Pictures*.

7. *Apply Consistent Font and Styling:*
– Use a clean font like *Calibri* or *Times New Roman*, size 11 or 12.
– Maintain spacing between sections for clarity.

> Vu Bright Sparks 💥

Cs610 GDB
Solution
Decentralized P2P networks present compelling advantages in resilience, privacy, scalability, and reduced infrastructure costs, making them attractive alternatives to traditional client-server models. Their distributed nature mitigates single points of failure and enhances censorship resistance. However, client-server architectures still hold significant sway due to their superior control over security, predictable performance, streamlined maintenance, and efficient central management—factors critical for mainstream applications demanding high levels of trust and operational consistency. While P2P will undoubtedly expand its presence, especially within niche areas like blockchain and decentralized finance, a complete replacement of client-server models within the next decade is unlikely. The challenges of widespread adoption, user experience, and regulatory compliance for fully decentralized systems remain substantial. Consequently, a more probable future involves P2P networks complementing traditional models, with hybrid solutions emerging to leverage the best of both architectures, rather than P2P achieving outright dominance.

**ENG503 Assignment Solution no 2*

*Semantics Definition*

Semantics is the study of meaning in language, examining how words, phrases, and sentences convey meaning and how people interpret them. It explores the relationships between language, meaning, and context.

Explanation
The statement “Words don’t always mean what they seem to mean” highlights the complexities of language and meaning. Semantics helps us understand these complexities.

Examples
1. Polysemy
The word “bank” can refer to a financial institution or the side of a river. This illustrates how a single word can have multiple related meanings, and the context determines the intended meaning.

2. Idioms
The phrase “break a leg” doesn’t literally mean to injure oneself. Instead, it’s a common idiom used to wish someone good luck, especially in the context of performing arts. This shows how words can be used in non-literal ways to convey specific meanings.

3. Irony
The phrase “What a beautiful day!” can be used sarcastically to express the opposite sentiment when it’s raining or gloomy outside. This illustrates how words can be used to convey opposite meanings, depending on the context and tone.

Conclusion
These examples demonstrate how words and phrases can have complex meanings that depend on context, usage, and cultural background. Semantics helps us understand these nuances and how language conveys meaning in subtle and multifaceted ways.

*ENG 504 Assignment Solution no 2

The facilitative role of the first language (L1) in second language (L2) learning is a widely acknowledged phenomenon. L1 plays a significant supportive role in the process of L2 acquisition, enabling learners to make a smoother transition from their native language to the new language.

Facilitative Role of L1
1. *Cognitive Bridge*: L1 serves as a cognitive bridge, helping learners to understand and process new linguistic structures, vocabulary, and concepts in L2. By drawing upon their existing knowledge of L1, learners can make connections and comparisons between the two languages.
2. *Scaffolding*: L1 can be used as a scaffolding tool to support learners in understanding complex L2 concepts. Teachers can use L1 to explain difficult grammar rules, vocabulary, or idiomatic expressions, making it easier for learners to grasp the material.
3. *Vocabulary Acquisition*: L1 can facilitate vocabulary acquisition in L2 by providing a basis for comparison and contrast. Learners can identify cognates, false friends, and other linguistic similarities and differences between the two languages.
4. *Error Analysis*: L1 can influence L2 production, and errors can occur due to language transfer. However, by analyzing these errors, teachers can identify areas where learners need additional support and provide targeted feedback.
5. *Motivation and Confidence*: Using L1 in the L2 learning process can also have a positive impact on learner motivation and confidence. When learners feel comfortable using their native language to clarify doubts or discuss complex topics, they are more likely to engage actively in the learning process.

Effective Use of L1 in L2 Learning
To maximize the facilitative role of L1 in L2 learning, teachers should:

> VU Mentor

1. *Use L1 judiciously*: Teachers should strike a balance between using L1 and L2 in the classroom. L1 should be used to support learning, not replace L2 practice.
2. *Monitor L1 influence*: Teachers should be aware of the potential influence of L1 on L2 production and provide feedback to learners on language transfer issues.
3. *Encourage L2 use*: Teachers should encourage learners to use L2 as much as possible, while still providing support and scaffolding when needed.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the first language plays a significant supportive role in second language learning. By acknowledging the facilitative role of L1, teachers can create a more effective and supportive learning environment for L2 learners. By using L1 judiciously and monitoring its influence, teachers can help learners make a smoother transition to L2 and promote more effective language acquisition

*ECO402 GDB SOLUTION*
….
*Market Structure: Perfect Competition*
Logical Explanation:

The scenario clearly describes a *Perfectly Competitive Market*. Here’s why:

1. *Large number of sellers*: Many farmers sell mangoes, and no single one has market control.
2. *Homogeneous product*: All farmers grow the *same variety* of mangoes with similar taste and appearance.
3. *Price takers*: Farmers do *not set their own prices*; instead, they *accept* the daily market price set by demand and supply at the mandi.
4. *Free entry and exit*: There are *no barriers* for new farmers to start or leave mango farming.
5. *Perfect information*: All farmers and consumers have access to weather, pricing, and cost information.
6. *Low transportation costs*: Farms are close to the mandi, minimizing extra expenses.
7. *No brand loyalty*: Consumers compare and buy based on price and visible quality, which is nearly the same across sellers.

—

What Happens to Profits in the **Short Run** if More Farmers Enter?

In the *short run*, if *more farmers* start mango production:

1. *Market supply increases* (shift of supply curve to the right).
2. With supply up and demand constant, the *market price will fall*.
3. Since all farmers are *price takers*, they will have to *sell at the lower price*.
4. Their *revenue per unit decreases*, but *costs (like fertilizers, labor, land) remain the same*.
5. So, *profits for individual farmers shrink*, and some may even incur *losses* if price drops below average cost.

—

🔄 Conclusion:

* *Market structure* = *Perfect Competition*
* *Short-run impact of more farmers* = *Lower prices and reduced profits* for individual farmers.

*Theory of Automata (CS402)*
*Assignment # 02*
*Spring 2025 Solution:*
> Vu Bright Sparks
*Scenario:*

You are required to design a grammar that accepts a simple language.
The language consists of balanced parenthesis and alphabets.
*Balanced parenthesis:* (), (()), ()(), (()(()))
*Alphabets in Grammar:* a, b, c, …., z
No capital letter alphabet is allowed in the grammar. A few examples of valid and invalid strings are
provided below for your reference:
*Valid Strings:* a, (), (b), a()x, ((w)c), (z)(z), (d(())p)
*Invalid Strings:* ((), )a(, (x, d(

*Question 1:*

You are required to define a Context Free Grammar (CFG) for the described language.

*Answer:*

A Context Free Grammar (CFG) is defined by a set of production rules. For the given language, we can
define the grammar G as (V, T, P, S), where:

*• V (Variables):* {S, L}
*• T (Terminals):* { a, b, c, …, z, (, ) }
*• S (Start Symbol):* S
*• P (Productions):* The production rules are defined as follows:

1. S → (S)
• This rule generates nested structures by enclosing a valid string S within a pair of balanced
parentheses.

2. S → SS
• This rule allows for the concatenation of two valid strings. This is how sequences
like a()x are formed

3. S → L
• This rule allows a single lowercase letter to be a valid string.

4. S → ε
• This rule generates the empty string (epsilon). It is crucial for producing empty
parentheses () from the rule S → (S).

5. L → a | b | c | … | z
• This rule defines the non-terminal L as any single lowercase alphabet from ‘a’ to ‘z’.

> Vu Bright Sparks
*Question 2:*

You are required to derive the string provided below by using the CFG defined in Question 1’s solution.
a(b(c))x(y(z))

*Answer:*

To derive the string a(b(c))x(y(z)), we will perform a leftmost derivation starting from the start
symbol S and applying the production rules defined in Question 1.

The target string can be seen as a concatenation of four parts: a, (b(c)), x, and (y(z)). We will start by
creating four S non-terminals using the S → SS rule.

*Derivation Steps:*

1. S
2. → SS (Apply S → SS to split the string into a and the rest)
3. → SSS (Apply S → SS to the second S to split (b(c)) from the rest)
4. → SSSS (Apply S → SS to the third S to split x from the rest)
5. → LSSS (Derive the first S to L for the character ‘a’)
6. → aSSS (Terminate L to ‘a’)
7. → a(S)SS (Derive the second S for the expression (b(c)))
8. → a(SS)SS (The inner expression b(c) is a concatenation of b and (c))
9. → a(LS)SS (Derive the first inner S to L for the character ‘b’)
10. → a(bS)SS (Terminate L to ‘b’)
11. → a(b(S))SS (Derive the second inner S for the expression (c))
12. → a(b(L))SS (Derive the S inside (c) to L for the character ‘c’)
13. → a(b(c))SS (Terminate L to ‘c’)
14. → a(b(c))LS (Derive the third S to L for the character ‘x’)
15. → a(b(c))xS (Terminate L to ‘x’)
16. → a(b(c))x(S) (Derive the last S for the expression (y(z)))
17. → a(b(c))x(SS) (The inner expression y(z) is a concatenation of y and (z))
18. → a(b(c))x(LS) (Derive the first inner S to L for ‘y’)
19. → a(b(c))x(yS) (Terminate L to ‘y’)
20. → a(b(c))x(y(S)) (Derive the second inner S for (z))
21. → a(b(c))x(y(L)) (Derive the S inside (z) to L for ‘z’)
22. → a(b(c))x(y(z)) (Terminate L to ‘z’)
This completes the derivation of the target string

*CS601 Assignment*

*Question No. 1: 4-bit Checksum Calculation*

A user needs to send 5 groups of 4-bits each to a receiver. The groups of bits at the sender side are:

Group1 = 0100
Group2 = 0011
Group3 = 1000
Group4 = 1001
Group5 = 1100

*Step-by-Step Calculation:*

To calculate the checksum, we first convert the binary numbers to decimal for clarity:

Group1 = 0100 = 4
Group2 = 0011 = 3
Group3 = 1000 = 8
Group4 = 1001 = 9
Group5 = 1100 = 12

Next, we perform binary addition with 4-bit wraparound and carry handling:

1. 0100 + 0011 = 0111 (Decimal: 4 + 3 = 7)
2. 0111 + 1000 = 1111 (Decimal: 7 + 8 = 15)
3. 1111 + 1001 = 11000 (Overflow, wraparound to 1000, carry 1)
Add carry: 1000 + 0001 = 1001
4. 1001 + 1100 = 10101 (Overflow, wraparound to 0101, carry 1)
Add carry: 0101 + 0001 = 0110

The final 4-bit checksum (without complement) is:
Binary: 0110
Decimal: 6

*Final Answer for Question 1:*
Checksum (Decimal) = 6

*Question No. 2: Hamming Distance Calculation*

We are given two pairs of 3-bit binary words. To calculate their Hamming Distance, we compare each pair:

Pair of Words: 101, 110
Hamming Distance = 2

Pair of Words: 111, 000
Hamming Distance = 3

The minimum Hamming Distance is 2.
The number of detectable errors is calculated as (d_min – 1), where d_min is the minimum Hamming Distance. Therefore, the number of detectable errors is 1.

*Final Answer for Question 2:*
Minimum Hamming Distance = 2
Number of Detectable Errors = 1

*ECO403 GDB solution 2

The Solow growth model provides valuable insights into Pakistan’s economic growth dynamics. According to the model, economic growth is driven by capital accumulation, population growth, and technological progress. Let’s analyze the impact of an increase in national saving rate on Pakistan’s economic growth, assuming the economy is operating at a steady-state.

*Key Features of Solow Growth Model:*

– *Diminishing Returns to Capital*: As capital accumulates, its marginal product decreases, leading to a steady-state equilibrium.
– *Steady-State Growth*: In the steady-state, output, capital, and labor grow at the same rate, determined by population growth and technological progress.
– *Savings and Investment*: Savings lead to investment, which drives capital accumulation and economic growth.

*Impact of Increased National Saving Rate:*

If Pakistan’s national saving rate increases, it will lead to:
– *Short-term Growth*: Higher savings will drive investment, leading to increased capital accumulation and output growth in the short term.
– *New Steady-State*: However, due to diminishing returns to capital, the economy will eventually reach a new steady-state with a higher capital stock and output level.
– *No Permanent Long-run Growth*: The increase in saving rate will not lead to permanent and sustained long-run growth, as the economy will converge to a new steady-state growth path determined by population growth and technological progress.

*Justification:*

The Solow model’s key features, such as diminishing returns to capital and steady-state growth, suggest that an increase in national saving rate will not lead to permanent long-run growth. While higher savings can drive short-term growth, the economy will eventually converge to a new steady-state, where output growth is determined by exogenous factors like population growth and technological progress

> VU Mentor

To achieve sustained long-run growth, Pakistan would need to focus on improving its technological progress and institutional factors, rather than just relying on capital accumulation through increased savings. By investing in research and development, education, and innovation, Pakistan can shift its production function upward, leading to sustained economic growth and development.

*MCM304 GDB Solution 2

The Pakistani drama “Mere Paas Tum Ho” (I Have You) offers a thought-provoking portrayal of relationships, challenging traditional stereotypes related to gender roles. By exploring the complexities of human emotions, the drama breaks away from conventional notions of masculinity and femininity.

Challenging Masculinity
The character of Shehwar, the lead male protagonist, is particularly noteworthy. His emotional vulnerabilities and weaknesses humanize him, defying the stereotype that men should be strong and stoic. This portrayal encourages men to express their emotions, promoting a more nuanced understanding of masculinity.

Women’s Independence and Agency
The drama also explores the theme of women’s independence and agency through the character of Mehwish. As a strong and determined woman, Mehwish makes choices that defy societal expectations, highlighting the struggles women face in a patriarchal society. Her character serves as a powerful example of female empowerment.

Promoting Nuanced Understanding
By portraying complex characters and relationships, “Mere Paas Tum Ho” challenges existing gender roles and stereotypes in Pakistani society. The drama promotes a more nuanced understanding of human emotions and relationships, encouraging viewers to think critically about societal norms and expectations.

*MB501T GDB Solution

Acquired immune tolerance is a critical mechanism that enables the immune system to accept foreign substances or tissues without mounting an immune response. This tolerance is essential for transplant success and preventing autoimmunity.

Biological Processes
1. *Central Tolerance*: In the thymus, T cells that recognize self-antigens are eliminated or inactivated through negative selection, preventing autoimmune responses.
2. *Peripheral Tolerance*: In the periphery, T cells that escape central tolerance are regulated by mechanisms such as anergy, suppression, and deletion, preventing autoimmune responses.
3. *Regulatory T Cells (Tregs)*: Tregs play a crucial role in maintaining immune tolerance by suppressing excessive or misguided immune responses.
4. *Immune Checkpoint Molecules*: Molecules like CTLA-4 and PD-1 regulate T cell activation and tolerance, preventing autoimmune responses.

Transplant Tolerance
In the context of transplantation, acquired immune tolerance is crucial for preventing graft rejection. Strategies to induce tolerance include:

1. *Immunosuppressive Therapy*: Medications that suppress the immune system, reducing the risk of graft rejection.
2. *Tolerance-Inducing Therapies*: Therapies that promote tolerance, such as Treg-based therapies or immune checkpoint modulation.

Autoimmunity Prevention
Acquired immune tolerance also prevents autoimmunity by:

1. *Regulating Immune Responses*: Tolerance mechanisms prevent excessive or misguided immune responses, reducing the risk of autoimmune diseases.
2. *Maintaining Self-Tolerance*: Tolerance to self-antigens prevents autoimmune responses, maintaining tissue homeostasis.

*ECO402 GDB ANSWER SPRING 2025*
Identified Market Structure: Perfect Competition
The market structure described in the scenario is perfect competition, based on the following key characteristics observed:

Homogeneous Product: All farmers grow the same variety of mangoes with similar quality.

Price Takers: Farmers accept the market price and do not set their own prices.

Free Entry and Exit: No legal or financial barriers exist for new farmers to enter the market.

Perfect Information: Farmers and buyers have full access to weather, pricing, and cost data.

Large Number of Sellers: Each farmer has a small market share and cannot influence the market price.

Low Transportation Costs: Minimal impact on pricing due to proximity to the mandi.

Short-Run Effect on Individual Farmer Profits:
If more farmers begin mango production, the market supply of mangoes will increase. Given the market operates under perfect competition:

The increased supply will lead to a decrease in the market price of mangoes, assuming demand remains constant.

Since farmers are price takers and the product is homogeneous, they cannot charge higher prices to offset lower revenue.

As a result, individual farmer profits will likely decrease in the short run due to reduced prices and unchanged or possibly higher production costs.

Some farmers may continue earning normal profits, but others might face losses, especially if their cost of production is higher than the new market price.

Conclusion:
Under perfect competition, increased entry into mango farming will increase supply and lower prices, thus reducing individual farmer profits in the short run.

*PSYP610 GDB*

Criticality of Neurons vs. Glial Cells in Brain Function
Both neurons and glial cells are essential for brain function, but I’d argue that glial cells are equally, if not more, critical. Here’s why:

Roles of Neurons and Glial Cells
– *Neurons*: Transmit and process information through electrical and chemical signals. They’re responsible for communication within the nervous system.
– *Glial Cells*: Provide support, protection, and maintenance to neurons. They supply neurons with oxygen and nutrients, remove waste products, and maintain the blood-brain barrier.

Importance of Glial Cells
– *Myelination*: Glial cells (oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS) myelinate neurons, facilitating faster signal transmission.
– *Synaptic Plasticity*: Astrocytes, a type of glial cell, regulate synaptic function and plasticity, influencing learning and memory.
– *Neuroprotection*: Glial cells protect neurons from damage, infection, and inflammation.

Example from Lesson and Observation
– *Lesson Example*: Multiple sclerosis, a disease affecting myelination, highlights the importance of glial cells in maintaining neural function.
– *Observation*: Research on glial cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, underscores their critical role in brain health.

Conclusion
While neurons are essential for information transmission, glial cells play a vital supporting role, ensuring neurons function optimally. The intricate relationship between neurons and glial cells makes it challenging to deem one more critical than the other. However, acknowledging the multifaceted contributions of glial cells to brain function and health emphasizes their significance.

*PSY404 GDB solution Idea by VU Mentor*

Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) are complex mental health conditions that can have severe physical and psychological consequences. In adults, FEDs can arise from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

Possible Causes
1. *Genetic Predisposition*: Research suggests that genetic factors can contribute to the development of FEDs, particularly in individuals with a family history of these disorders.
2. *Psychological Factors*: FEDs are often associated with underlying psychological issues, such as low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
3. *Sociocultural Pressures*: Societal beauty standards, media representation, and cultural expectations can contribute to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors.
4. *Trauma and Stress*: Experiencing traumatic events or chronic stress can trigger FEDs in some individuals.

> VU Mentor

Impact on Daily Functioning
FEDs can significantly affect an individual’s daily life, leading to:

1. *Physical Health Consequences*: Malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances, and gastrointestinal problems are common physical complications.
2. *Emotional Distress*: FEDs can cause intense feelings of guilt, shame, and anxiety, impacting mental well-being.
3. *Social Withdrawal*: Individuals with FEDs may avoid social situations involving food, leading to social isolation.
4. *Cognitive Impairment*: FEDs can affect concentration, memory, and decision-making abilities.

Examples and Research Findings
– *Anorexia Nervosa*: Characterized by restrictive eating, weight loss, and fear of gaining weight. Research shows that individuals with anorexia often experience cognitive distortions and perfectionism.
– *Bulimia Nervosa*: Involves binge eating followed by purging or compensatory behaviors. Studies highlight the role of emotional regulation and impulsivity in bulimia.
– *Binge Eating Disorder*: Characterized by recurrent binge eating episodes without purging. Research suggests that stress, emotional eating, and coping mechanisms play a significant role.

Mcm 517
Date: 29-05-25
Time: 5:30

MCQs handouts sy thy
Easy thy

Short:
Characteristics of internet
Enlist advantages of online advertisement
Delivery platforms used for news sharing

Long
Categories of adaptation based on innovativeness

Limitations of internet

Impact of internet on news gathering

VU Assignments GDB's solution dated June 23 to June 28, 2025

Location

Quick Links

Contact Us

Follow Us